Every medical page on this site cites the specific sources it relies on. This is the full list. We prioritise national health services, clinical guidelines, academic medical centers and peer-reviewed reviews.
- Blood in semen: causes Mayo Clinic
- Blood in semen: when to see a doctor Mayo Clinic
- Blood in Semen (Hematospermia) Cleveland Clinic Health Library, reviewed Jan 2024
- Blood in semen NHS, reviewed Sep 2025
- Haematospermia: management NICE Clinical Knowledge Summaries
- Evaluation and Treatment of Hematospermia American Family Physician, 2009;80(12):1421-1427
- Hematospermia MSD Manual Professional Edition
- Haematospermia Australian Family Physician (RACGP), Dec 2015
- Blood in semen (haematospermia) healthdirect Australia
- Hematospermia: etiology, diagnosis, and treatment Review article, PubMed Central (PMC5904639)
- Etiologic classification, evaluation, and management of hematospermia Translational Andrology and Urology review, PubMed Central (PMC5673809)
- Laboratory and clinical management of leukocytospermia and hematospermia: a review PubMed Central (PMC7290265)
- Prostate Cancer Screening StatPearls, NCBI Bookshelf (NBK556081)
- Prostatitis NHS, reviewed Feb 2024
- Blood in urine NHS
- Vasectomy (male sterilisation) NHS
- Prostate cancer: tests and diagnosis NHS
- Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) NHS
- Chlamydia NHS
- Epididymitis NHS
- Testicular cancer NHS
- ICD-10-CM R36.1 Hematospermia ICD10Data.com (FY2026/2027 code set; verify against CMS/CDC files)
- ICD-10 codes Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services
- Creating helpful, reliable, people-first content Google Search Central
- FTC's Endorsement Guides: What People Are Asking U.S. Federal Trade Commission